The mono propylene glycol solution is a synthetic option that has no color, is odorless, and doesn’t taste like anything. What Does Coolant Do?Ĭoolant contains several alcohols that are either mono ethylene glycol or mono propylene glycol. You will find HOAT coolant in many vehicles like Volkswagen, Ford, Volvo, Mercedes Benz, Audi, KIA, Hyundai, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, and many more. HOAT antifreeze will often be labeled with terms like G-05, G-11, G-12 and Global, and you need to check your owner’s manual to see which type your car requires. This is a much longer service life than some other types of coolant. This type of coolant should be flushed every 100,000 miles or every five years, whichever one comes first. It’s meant for newer cars, with some of the top manufacturers recommending it. HOAT Coolant contains added silicates for additional protection against rusting or corrosion of the aluminum parts. While it is normally yellow in color, you can also find it in purple, blue, pink or turquoise. This coolant type is a combination of OAT (Organic Acid Technology) and IAT (Inorganic Acid Technology). HOAT means Hybrid Organic Acid Technology, or Hybrid OAT. But if you mix a significant amount of one type in with the other type, you're weakening your corrosion inhibitors (it happened to my brother, and look at the condition he's in now).Does it matter what brand of coolant I use? What is HOAT Coolant? You can mix two different colors of the same kind of coolant without any problem whatsoever. Color doesn't tell you what you really need to know. RAY: So that's the story on coolant color, Jeffrey. But it would be prudent, during your next service, to drain out a mixed batch of coolant and go with one type or the other. And even if the rust-inhibition properties were compromised, you could still go a year or even several years without any negative effects. As we said, nothing is going to break, burn up or melt. But if you go beyond that 15 percent threshold, then it makes sense to EVENTUALLY drain out the coolant and fill it up with all one or all the other. So if, for example, you just top up your OAT coolant with a few cups of traditional stuff, nothing's going to happen. RAY: The experts we spoke to at SAE (the Society of Automotive Engineers) said that you can mix up to about 15 percent traditional coolant in your OAT coolant before you have any real effect on the corrosion inhibitors. (There's usually a decal under the hood that tells you if your car came equipped with long-life coolant.) Your mechanic may have noticed that the color was diluted with something else, and he may have assumed you mixed a traditional coolant with your OAT coolant. So that's what was probably in your car, Jeffrey. TOM: General Motors has been using an orange-colored OAT coolant since about 1994. And if you mix the two types of coolant, nothing terrible is going to happen - nothing is going to blow up or melt - but a mixture of the two types of coolants won't have as much rust protection as either one individually. RAY: The difference is that the OAT coolant has rust inhibitors that last 100,000 miles or more, whereas traditional coolants have rust inhibitors that only last 50,000 miles or so. And then there's the newer, "organic" coolant - also known as OAT, or Organic Acid Technology. There's "traditional" coolant, which is what we've been using forever. TOM: There are basically two types of coolant in the world. So it gives you a hint as to the identity of the coolant's manufacturer, but it doesn't tell you what type of coolant it is, and that's the more important question. Prestone has always used fluorescent yellow, Texaco and Shell have always used green. It's added by the manufacturer as an identifier. The color in antifreeze is like food coloring. RAY: From an automotive point of view, however, it's a more complicated question. ![]() And he said that under no circumstances should you ever mix pink and green. TOM: Well, we checked with our interior decorator, Franc. Could it be due to the little bit of pink antifreeze I added to the green? - Jeffrey Since then, he informed me that my head gaskets needed replacing. He stated that one cannot mix colors of antifreeze (pink and green, in my case). He told me he had to flush the radiator because I had added a different color antifreeze to my cooling system. ![]() Many months ago, my trusted mechanic was making repairs to my 1995 Chevy Lumina.
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![]() Another group was sold at the Mayor Gallery after being exhibited with two other primate artists in 2005 in a show called “Ape Artists of the 1950’s.” That same year, three of Congo’s paintings sold for a combined $25,000 at auction, 20 times the expected price. Most of Congo’s 400 works of art were sold after the 1957 exhibition. People would imagine he’d just grab a pencil or a paper, but.he’d have several colors and he'd think before he painted.He was extraordinary.” Speaking with Rory Sullivan of CNN, Mayor declares that the chimp’s paintings are “actually very good…He was a fascinating painter. James Mayor, director of the gallery that will show Congo’s work, also praises Congo, who died of tuberculosis in 1964 at the age of 10. “Watching him paint was like witnessing the birth of art.” “Congo’s ability to make a controlled abstract pattern and then to vary it in different ways meant that inside the ape brain there was already an aesthetic sense-very primitive but nevertheless present in a non-human species,” he says. Rather, as he tells Taylor Dafoe at artnet News, it’s what Congo’s art represents that's most important. ![]() Upon viewing Congo’s work, Salvador Dalí quipped the “hand of the chimpanzee is quasihuman the hand of Jackson Pollock is totally animal!”Īs Morris explains, “The more serious the artist, the more they understood what Congo was doing because they could see that he was positioning his lines.” That being said, he cautions people from overhyping Congo’s artwork. ![]() Joan Miró swapped two of his pieces for one of Congo’s 400. Art world luminaries including Picasso bought his work. In 1957, Congo’s work went on display at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London. Morris went on to feature the painting chimp on “Zoo Time,” and he became something of a sensation. “And if I tried to persuade him to go on painting after he considered that he had finished a picture, he would stubbornly refuse.” If I tried to stop him before he had finished a painting, he would have a screaming fit,” Morris says. Congo became increasingly obsessed with his regular painting sessions. While he never made any representational art, he did appear to have some chops when it came to abstract work, favoring a radiating fan pattern. Morris realized Congo could make circles and even had a sense of composition he filled in parts of the paper to balance his drawings. Would it happen again? Yes, it did, and again and again.’” It wandered a short way and then stopped. “This is how I recorded it at the time, ‘Something strange was coming out of the end of the pencil. “He took it and I placed a piece of card in front of him,” Morris recalls. He’s also the author of many popular science books, including 1967’s The Naked Ape, which examines humans through a zoologists lens.Īs Nigel Reynolds at the Telegraph reports, one day Morris offered the young chimp Congo a pencil and the rest was history. He was a noted abstract painter, an ethologist (someone who studies animal behavior) and zoologist. show broadcast from the London Zoo in the 1950s. The paintings are owned by Desmond Morris, who hosted “Zoo Time,” a U.K. In December, a beloved 20th-century artist will finally get his due when a lot of 55 paintings by Congo the chimpanzee goes on exhibit at the Mayor Gallery in London. ![]() So why would Plato suggest that Diogenes do the same? He not only fired Plato but sold him into slavery. The irony is that Plato did travel to Syracuse to take the difficult job of teaching moral philosophy to Dionysius, a hard-partying tyrant who wasn't receptive to Plato's message of moderation. If Diogenes sucked up to a powerful ruler, like Dionysius of Syracuse, then he'd have the means to live in a real house and not have to scrounge for food in the streets. So here he was, washing off some discarded lettuce in the market, when the great Plato deigned to give the lowly Diogenes some career advice. It really starts with the Cynics."īonus: "Someone took into a magnificent house and warned him not to expectorate, whereupon having cleared his throat he discharged the phlegm into the man's face, being unable, he said, to find a meaner receptacle." You don't see that in Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. "It's the first time in the history of Western philosophy that you get this really radical conception of freedom. "Diogenes makes it clear that he's the master in that relationship, not the person who bought him, just like he's more free than Alexander the Great," says Piering. Even as a slave, Diogenes was freer than his supposed master. He spotted a rich man in the crowd named Xeniades and said, "Sell me to this man he needs a master."Īgain, Diogenes used a witty exchange to say something about the nature of freedom. When the auctioneer asked Diogenes "in what he was proficient," according to Diogenes Laertius, the mischievous philosopher replied, "In ruling men." Kind of an odd thing for a slave to say, but Diogenes persisted. According to Diogenes Laertius, the mighty Alexander is reported to have said, "Had I not been Alexander, I should have liked to be Diogenes."īonus: "When someone was extolling the good fortune of Callisthenes and saying what splendour he shared in the suite of Alexander, 'Not so,' said Diogenes, 'but rather ill fortune for he breakfasts and dines when Alexander thinks fit.'" You might think that insulting an emperor would get you in trouble, but Diogenes enjoyed a strange type of immunity as a "comic" figure and even posh Athenians had a grudging respect for Diogenes' unencumbered freedom. ![]() "So not only does Diogenes not need anything from Alexander the Great, he doesn't want anything from him." "When you're indebted to a politician, a statesman, or even more so the emperor, you have lost your ability to speak freely and act freely," says Piering. And Diogenes knew that a "boon" from Alexander wasn't just a gift, but an attempt to buy his loyalty. But what we do know is that Cynics like Diogenes prized one thing above all else: autarkeia, a Greek word that roughly translates into autonomy or freedom. ![]() Here are five of the most memorable moments from the life of Diogenes of Sinope:ĭid Diogenes dislike Alexander? We don't know. For our purposes, we're going to quote directly from "Lives of Eminent Philosophers" even if the quotes or anecdotes about Diogenes are written in the third person. If you search the internet for Diogenes quotes, by the way, you'll find a lot of lines that were lifted from Diogenes Laertius and reworded as first-person quotes from Diogenes. In " Lives of Eminent Philosophers," the Greek historian Diogenes Laertius recorded the greatest comedic hits of Diogenes, including some truly sick burns directed at figures like Alexander the Great and Plato. Everything else was nonsense.ĭiogenes left no writing of his own and just about everything we know about him was written centuries later by another guy named Diogenes. Human nature and reason, to Cynics, were the only requirements for a happy life. But the Cynics lived this way to make a point - that there is nothing shameful about being human. They dressed in rough blankets, slept under porticos, and did every "shameful" human act in public. It's Diogenes who took the radicalized version of that."ĭiogenes and his Cynic followers were beggars. "He just said not to care about money or status or power more than you care about the state of your soul. "But Socrates never said to give up all of your possessions," says Piering. ![]() So we talked about the slope of the hypotenuse of a 45°-45°-90° triangle with horizontal and vertical legs. One of the students noted to the whole class that the slope triangle was a 45°-45°-90° triangle. In the midst of talking about what we mean by slope, I happened to move the points so that the slope of the line containing A and B was 1. We started with the Math Nspired Algebra Slope as Rate activity. Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane derive the equation y=mx for a line through the origin and the equation y=mx+b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b.Īnd so luckily it didn’t take me long to make the connection between the progression of how students should think about slope triangles from grade 8 through high school geometry. I recently came across learning objective 8.EE.6 while working on a project. It just seems like something that I have always known. And then I had to think even longer to realize that I don’t remember ever proving that parallel lines have equal slopes. I read and re-read this learning objective several times before it occurred to me that we weren’t just exploring the slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines to make conclusions about their relationships – we were actually asked to prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines. G-GPE 5, under “Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically”, says that students should “Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems (e.g., find the equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point).” Note: We used the Transformations – Translations lesson from Geometry Nspired as a guide for part of our exploration in this lesson. And then several noticed that not only were those segments congruent…but they are also parallel. Really? How do you know? And do others agree? So we took a bit more time, and the students decided that AA’ is also congruent to BB’, which is also congruent to XY. ![]() But what else has to be congruent? Finally, someone suggested that CC’ is congruent to AA’. And the corresponding angles are congruent. ![]() And the areas of the triangles are equal. And the perimeter of ΔABC is equal to the perimeter of ΔA’B’C’. And then that means that segment AB is congruent to segment A’B’. A translation is a rigid motion, and so ΔABC is congruent to ΔA’B’C’. This took longer…because they focused first on the triangles. And they began to refine their translation from the initial red figure (right and down) to the actual image of ΔABC using vector XY.Īt that point, I let them use their dynamic technology to translate ΔABC.Īnd I asked them to write down everything they could find that was congruent. The students began to look for and make use of structure by drawing in a right triangle with the vector as the hypotenuse. And the students began to make sense of the x- and y-components of the vector, even though they didn’t initially see them. But I began to hear some good words from the group conversations: “right triangle” from one, “hypotenuse” from another. How does the vector give us information about distance and direction? It was uncomfortable for the students to have the images in a general plane instead of the x-y coordinate plane. Just for the record, they had no idea how far right and how far down the vector was telling us to translate ΔABC.īut I wasn’t ready to tell them. I was ready to know if they really knew how far right and how far down the vector was telling us to translate ΔABC. But I was ready for them to attend to precision. So I asked students to predict the image of ΔABC when translated using vector XY.Īs you can imagine, most students put ΔA’B’C’ down and to the right of ΔABC. I wanted to know whether the students could use the vector to perform the translation without the technology. And we were going to use a vector as the means for giving us the information we needed for our translation. We were about to explore what translations buy us mathematically using TI-Nspire Technology. Most of them concluded that the vector was giving them the x-component and the y-component of the translation without me having to tell them.īut here is what I really wanted to know. So the first Quick Poll I posed in our lesson on translations was to see what they would do with a vector translation. My students have some experience with translations before they get to my high school geometry course…but mostly their experience is with translating an object 2 units right and 1 unit down. ![]() And how much to move which way, otherwise known as distance and direction. ![]() VLPs can be functionalized to present pathogenic epitopes to generate immunity against diseases like dengue, influenza, etc. Two VLP-based vaccines have been proven successful and licensed for HPB and HPV. They are generated by taking advantage of the intrinsic ability of some viral proteins to self-assemble when expressed in heterologous production platforms. VLPs are supramolecular structures that closely mimic the native conformation of viruses without carrying genetic material (DNA or RNA), so they are unable to infect, replicate or integrate. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising, robust, safe, versatile and highly immunogenic approach that can be used to produce novel vaccines for emerging pandemics or diseases, like COVID-19. The third strategy uses a saponin-based nanoparticle to present a recombinantly produced and purified spike glycoprotein, as well. Both strategies result in DCs producing the genetically encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) surface glycoprotein and presenting it on their own membrane, where it is then recognized by the immune system cells. The second one delivers DNA into DCs using a non-replicating recombinant adenovirus vector. The first group delivers mRNA into dendritic cells (DCs) using a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) as a carrier. įDA- and EMA-approved COVID-19 vaccines can be classified into mRNA, adenovirus-based or recombinant. ![]() However, there are still some questions left to answer, like how long the immune memory lasts, the protective effect that current approved vaccines generate against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, or if it is possible to generate fully prophylactic vaccines against this new coronavirus. Vaccination rollout offers a promising avenue for the pandemic and sanitary restrictions to come to an end. As of November 2021, more than 7 billion doses had been administrated, with an associated significant reduction of transmission and mortality among vaccinated populations. An enormous effort made by the scientific community resulted in more than 300 new vaccine candidates in less than a year since the outbreak, some of them being approved for emergency use, as well as the development of diagnosis methods for its detection and treatment. It emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan and since then has spread around the globe causing a pandemic that had devastating health and economic consequences worldwide. Moreover, the approach proposed could be expanded to produce additional Gag-based VLPs against different diseases or COVID-19 variants.ĬOVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ![]() The whole production process is conceived to enhance its transferability at current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) industrial scale manufacturing. We also performed the bioprocess at a bioreactor scale followed by a scalable downstream purification process consisting of two clarifications, an ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. We achieved VLP functionalization with coronavirus spike protein, optimized its expression using a design of experiments (DoE). This work proposes a methodology for the generation of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs by their co-expression with HIV-1 Gag protein. ![]() HIV-1 Gag VLPs share similar characteristics with wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, making them a suitable platform for the expression of its spike membrane protein to generate a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19. They are robust, safe, versatile and highly immunogenic supra-molecular structures that closely mimic the native conformation of viruses without carrying their genetic material. Virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute a promising approach to recombinant vaccine development. ![]() High sensitivity NIR photodetectors for applications in visualizing NIR light, and health and safety monitoring are also discussed. The advances in solution-processable NIR PTs with novel device design knowledge and new materials processing technologies are highlighted. This includes different approaches for attaining high-sensitivity NIR PTs using single component, heterojunction and nano-structured channel layers. First, if you connect the phototransistor in the circuit backwards. The two devices do have two similarities. This review provides a brief introduction with regard to the device configuration and operation mechanism of PTs, followed by a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in solution processable NIR PTs. The phototransistor looks a little bit like an LED. ![]() In comparison, NIR PTs are three-terminal devices with an ultra-low noise current, providing high sensitivity and tunable gain with an EQE in excess of 100%, achieved by controlling unbalanced charge transport through an optically controlled gate terminal. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the NIR PDs and PCs cannot be higher than 100%. PDs have a stack of functional layers sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. There are three typical solution-processable NIR photodetectors: photodiodes (PDs), photoconductors (PCs) and phototransistors (PTs). In your robotics area, close window blinds to block direct sunlight, and point any halogen lamps upward so that the light is reflected off the ceiling.Solution processable near infrared (NIR) photodetectors provide a promising alternative due to their low cost, flexible design, adaptability to various fabrications, and large area manufacturability, removing the limitations of traditional wafer-based inorganic semiconductor techniques.Make sure to avoid direct sunlight and direct halogen lights they would flood the phototransistors with too much infrared light. The phototransistor circuits in this chapter are designed to work well indoors, with fluorescent or incandescent lighting. This phototransistor also responds to visible light, though it’s less sensitive, especially to wavelengths below 450 nm. Infrared light is not visible to the human eye, but many different light sources emit considerable amounts of it, including halogen and incandescent lamps and especially the sun. ![]() The phototransistor in the Robotics Shield Kit is most sensitive to 850 nm wavelengths, which is in the infrared range. The figure below shows the wavelengths for colors of light we are familiar with, along with some the human eye cannot detect, such as ultraviolet and infrared. With light, which also travels in waves, the distance between adjacent peaks is measured in nanometers (nm) which are billionths of meters. In the ocean, you can measure the distance between the peaks of two adjacent waves in feet or meters. The shorter pin indicates the emitter, and it connects closer to a flat spot on the phototransistor’s clear plastic case. The longer of the two pins indicates the phototransistor’s collector terminal. Second, it also has two different length pins and a flat spot on its plastic case for identifying its terminals. First, if you connect the phototransistor in the circuit backwards, it won’t work right. The phototransistor looks a little bit like an LED. Brighter light results in more current less-bright light results in less current. The brightness of the light shining on the phototransistor’s base (B) terminal determines how much current it will allow to pass into its collector (C) terminal, and out through its emitter (E) terminal. ![]() The drawing below shows the schematic and part drawing of the phototransistor in your Robotics Shield Kit. Depending on the type of transistor, the current flow can be controlled by voltage, current, or in the case of the phototransistor, by light. The third terminal controls just how much current passes through the other two. A transistor is like a valve that regulates the amount of electric current that passes through two of its three terminals. Protecting data from bad actors is one thing, but what about their employees? A HIPAA-compliant video provider must have administrative, physical, and technical safeguards in place to prevent unauthorized users from accessing any information classified as ePHI and robust auditing procedures to generate access report logs to refer back to when investigating violations. It is important to understand the internal data privacy policies of potential video conference vendors. HIPAA-compliant video conferencing relies on P2P to ensure that if a secure connection cannot be established, the unsecured video encounter will not take place. Peer-to-peer video streaming contributes to heightened security by routing data directly from one user to another, circumventing servers. This level of encryption ensures that only the devices used to make the video call can access the encryption key. End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is the golden standard for HIPAA compliance, but many popular video services, like Skype and FaceTime, do not meet it. Malicious users and unauthorized third parties might try to gain access to data that is transmitted during your video call. When shopping around for a video streaming solution for your medical practice, pay close attention to whether or not the solution has a signed BAA. BAAsīusiness Associate Agreements (BAAs) are essential to HIPAA compliance by stipulating that all concerned parties take active measures to protect patient PHI. Telehealth service providers can put administrative, technical, and physical safeguards in place to be confident in their compliance by ensuring their video conference tool meets these five requirements: 1. This puts the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information at risk, but fortunately, HIPAA-compliant video conferencing apps take a proactive approach to data protection. ![]() Video conference is a cornerstone technology used by remote providers and facilitates the transmission of protected health information (PHI) and electronic protected health information (ePHI). The popularization of telemedicine has spotlighted PHI security during virtual appointments and paperwork completion. 5 HIPAA Compliance Requirements for Video Conferencing HIPAA Breach Notification Rule: This rule sets specific standards for procedures and reporting covered entities must complete in the event of a data breach ranging from minor (fewer than 500 affected) to meaningful (more than 500 affected). ![]() HIPAA Security Rule: This regulation sets standards for the electronic transmission, storage, computer, and network access to and use of PHI.ģ. HIPAA Privacy Rule: This regulation sets standards for the use of PHI and patients' rights to access their healthcare data and mandates that healthcare institutions and providers must post and share the Notice of Privacy Practices with clients.Ģ. ![]() If your practice plans to add video appointments to its list of offerings, it must meet the three standards below:ġ. HIPAA-covered entities are required to meet regulatory standards for legal compliance. Regulatory Compliance Standards for HIPAA-Covered Entities However, non-profit organizations, institutions, or even individuals can be regulatory entities depending on their role in care and treatment. Healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses are considered to be the primary HIPAA-covered entities because they transmit protected health information (PHI) during virtual appointments, billing, payment, and treatment. Who is Considered a HIPAA-Covered Entity? IP address, device serial number, & web URLs Medical records, insurance, & account numbers Home address, phone number, & email addressĪppointment dates, photos, videos, or biometric & vehicle identifiers ![]() This has introduced patients' protected health information (PHI) to a new digital environment where their sensitive data, including the following, must be secured during a video conference:įull name, social security number, & date of birth While medical appointments are typically held in person, the telehealth industry has boomed over the past few years. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA) of 1996 protects patient privacy and provides easy access to their medical records. Read more: Google Docs Alternatives You Must Try In 2022 ![]() Therefore, it is okay to use a Google translate alternative and there are tons of options in the market to make your life easy! Supports 104 languages on different levelsīut even with all the latest updates, Google Translate does not generate perfect translations *sometimes!* In some areas, Google translate actually fails, like during the times of hardcore accuracy!įor example:- An easy yet common term like ‘light’ has multiple meanings in the English language, including the antonym of heavy, but Google Translate doesn’t offer this meaning as an option over all language pairings.Translate pictures and handwriting by connection through a camera translation.A way to translate diverse forms of text, media, and speech.Google translate offers some amazing features like: ![]() With more than 200 million users daily, Google translate is defiantly a trustworthy + multilingual + mechanical + translator. No matter if you are traveling to China, texting your Spanish boyfriend, or trying to ordering butter chicken in Delhi, translation apps are the best option.īut among all the apps around, Google translate is probably on everyone’s fingertip. Nothing beats a flesh and bone translator, but tragically it is not that simple to carry a human around in your pocket! So, when a speedy translation is needed, the mobile phone offers some relief. Want to convert Spanish to English? or maybe French to Spanish? but doesn’t want to use google translative anymore! No worries, read on… ![]() Whether or not Colossal and its team of scientists are ultimately successful in their quest to bring back the dodo and other extinct creatures, de-extinction projects, and the technological breakthroughs they may generate, have investors excited. It’s hard,” he said.īeth Shapiro, left, will lead the scientific efforts to resurrect the dodo at Colossal Biosciences, founded by tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm, right. “I’ve been trying for about 10 years to culture germ cells from other bird species. And that’s the big, hard part jumping from chicken species, which many labs in the world do, to other bird species,” said McGrew, who is not directly involved in the dodo project but is part of Colossal’s scientific advisory board. “The idea is you have to now be able to do this with pigeon species. Mike McGrew, a senior lecturer and personal chair in avian reproductive technologies at the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh, described the project as a “moon launch for synthetic biology.” His work involves turning commercial egg-laying hens into surrogates for rare chicken breeds revived from frozen primordial germ cells. “If we find that there’s something that provides immunity against a disease that’s hurting a population, and you know what the genetic changes underlying that immunity or that ability to fight off that disease is - maybe we can use these tools to transfer that even between closely related species,” she added. it would be amazing to get this to work in lots of different birds across the bird tree of life because that will be hugely impactful for avian conservation,” Shapiro said. “This technology, which works in chickens…. ![]() The techniques could allow scientists to move specific genetic traits between bird species to help protect them as habitats shrink and the climate warms. ![]() However, Shapiro said that perfecting these synthetic biology tools will have wider implications for bird conservation. The approach involves removing primordial gems cells from an egg, cultivating them in the lab and editing the cells with the desired genetic traits before injecting them back to an egg at the same developmental stage, she explained.Įven if the team is successful in this high-stakes endeavor, they won’t be making a carbon copy of the dodo that lived four centuries ago, but an altered, hybrid form. Shapiro said she hopes to adapt an existing technique used involving primordial germ cells, the embryonic precursors of sperm and eggs, that has already been used to create a chicken fathered by a duck. However, the subsequent work that’s needed to resurrect the animal - programming cells from a living relative of the dodo with the lost bird’s DNA - will be significantly more challenging. It’s a process which would allow them to narrow down which mutations in the genome “make a dodo a dodo,” Shapiro said.Ī dodo skeleton on display at a museum in Mauritius. The next step was to compare the genetic information with the dodo’s closest bird relatives in the pigeon family - the living Nicobar pigeon, and the extinct Rodrigues solitaire, a giant flightless pigeon that once lived on an island close to Mauritius. Shapiro said that she had already completed a key first step in the project - fully sequencing the dodo’s genome from ancient DNA - based on genetic material extracted from dodo remains in Denmark. Shapiro is the lead paleogeneticist at Colossal Biosciences, a biotechnology and genetic engineering start-up founded by tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm and Harvard Medical School geneticist George Church, which is working on equally ambitious projects to bring back the woolly mammoth and the thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger. And it’s our responsibility to bring stories and to bring excitement to people in way that motivates them to think about the extinction crisis that’s going on right now,” said Beth Shapiro, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. “We’re clearly in the middle of an extinction crisis. They hope the project will open up new techniques for bird conservation. Now, a team of scientists wants to bring back the dodo in a bold initiative that will incorporate advances in ancient DNA sequencing, gene editing technology and synthetic biology. They doomed the dodo, which showed no fear of humans, to extinction in the space of just a few decades. The arrival of sailors brought with them invasive species like rats and practices like hunting. No other animal is as inexorably linked with extinction as the dodo, an odd-looking flightless bird that lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean until the late 17th century. ![]() Click here to view the tasks for this domain. The questions in this domain ask you to prepare equipment for dental procedures, perform or assist with dental procedures, and educate the client regarding dental health. Prepare the surgical environment, instruments, and supplies.Prepare the patient for a surgical procedure. ![]() Maintain aseptic conditions during surgical procedures, as well as in the surgical suite.Use appropriate equipment-sterilization methods.Use appropriate instrument-cleaning methods.Operate as both a sterile and non-sterile surgical technician.Apply knowledge of physiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology as they pertain to surgical nursing.You will also be asked to prepare patients for procedures. The questions in this domain ask you to prepare and maintain your surgical environment, equipment, instruments, and supplies. Handle, store, and safely dispose of biological and pharmacological agents.Calculate medications based on the appropriate dosage.Prepare and dispense medications in compliance with veterinary orders.Ensure patient/client safety by educating the client regarding any administered or dispensed biological and pharmacological agents.Recognize drug classifications, drug mechanisms, and relevant side effects.Apply knowledge of physiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology as they pertain to pharmacological and biological agents.You will also be asked to prepare and administer pharmacological and biological agents, as well as instruct a client regarding safe and proper use. The questions in this domain ask you to apply knowledge of physiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology. The questions are split into 9 domains, each containing a number of “tasks.” 1. The pilot questions are used to evaluate questions for future versions of the exam. The VTNE contains 170 multiple-choice questions, 20 of which are “pilot questions” that do not count toward your score, and you will be given 3 hours to complete them. In some jurisdictions, you must meet certain work experience requirements, while others require you to submit a state/provincial application separately from the VTNE application.Ĭheck with your jurisdiction to ensure you know their specific requirements. In most cases, the American Association of Veterinary State Boards (AAVSB) will determine your eligibility by reviewing a final transcript sent directly by the school, which must show that you are an AVMA- or CVMA-accredited veterinary technology graduate. The eligibility requirements needed to take the VTNE will be different depending on your jurisdiction. |
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