![]() VLPs can be functionalized to present pathogenic epitopes to generate immunity against diseases like dengue, influenza, etc. Two VLP-based vaccines have been proven successful and licensed for HPB and HPV. They are generated by taking advantage of the intrinsic ability of some viral proteins to self-assemble when expressed in heterologous production platforms. VLPs are supramolecular structures that closely mimic the native conformation of viruses without carrying genetic material (DNA or RNA), so they are unable to infect, replicate or integrate. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising, robust, safe, versatile and highly immunogenic approach that can be used to produce novel vaccines for emerging pandemics or diseases, like COVID-19. The third strategy uses a saponin-based nanoparticle to present a recombinantly produced and purified spike glycoprotein, as well. Both strategies result in DCs producing the genetically encoded SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) surface glycoprotein and presenting it on their own membrane, where it is then recognized by the immune system cells. The second one delivers DNA into DCs using a non-replicating recombinant adenovirus vector. The first group delivers mRNA into dendritic cells (DCs) using a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) as a carrier. įDA- and EMA-approved COVID-19 vaccines can be classified into mRNA, adenovirus-based or recombinant. ![]() However, there are still some questions left to answer, like how long the immune memory lasts, the protective effect that current approved vaccines generate against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, or if it is possible to generate fully prophylactic vaccines against this new coronavirus. Vaccination rollout offers a promising avenue for the pandemic and sanitary restrictions to come to an end. As of November 2021, more than 7 billion doses had been administrated, with an associated significant reduction of transmission and mortality among vaccinated populations. An enormous effort made by the scientific community resulted in more than 300 new vaccine candidates in less than a year since the outbreak, some of them being approved for emergency use, as well as the development of diagnosis methods for its detection and treatment. It emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan and since then has spread around the globe causing a pandemic that had devastating health and economic consequences worldwide. Moreover, the approach proposed could be expanded to produce additional Gag-based VLPs against different diseases or COVID-19 variants.ĬOVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ![]() The whole production process is conceived to enhance its transferability at current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) industrial scale manufacturing. We also performed the bioprocess at a bioreactor scale followed by a scalable downstream purification process consisting of two clarifications, an ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. We achieved VLP functionalization with coronavirus spike protein, optimized its expression using a design of experiments (DoE). This work proposes a methodology for the generation of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs by their co-expression with HIV-1 Gag protein. ![]() HIV-1 Gag VLPs share similar characteristics with wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, making them a suitable platform for the expression of its spike membrane protein to generate a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19. They are robust, safe, versatile and highly immunogenic supra-molecular structures that closely mimic the native conformation of viruses without carrying their genetic material. Virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute a promising approach to recombinant vaccine development.
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